Artemisia i of caria biography of barack

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Women Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Artemisia I c. Artemisia I c. BCE gale. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. The story of Artemisia I was told by Herodotus in his book Histories, written in the mid- s. Artemisia, daughter of Lygadimis, belonged to the Lygdamidian dynasty that ruled the city at that time.

Artemisia inherited the throne from her husband, whose name is unknown, during the rule of the Persian Emperor Xerxes I, also known as Xerxes the Great, who ruled from to BC. Her realm included the city of Halicarnassus and the nearby islands of Cos, Calymnos, and Nisyros. Artemisia had at least one son, Pisindelis, who ruled Halicarnassus after her between and BC.

When Xerxes declared war on Greece, in the years and BC, Artemisia was the only woman among his commanders. She contributed five ships out of the 70 that took part in the war, and those five ships had a reputation for being brave and fierce in combat. No one managed to collect the reward. After winning the Battle of Thermopylae in August BC, Xerxes sent Mardonius to speak to each of his separate naval commanders about the upcoming battle, the Battle of Salamis.

Artemisia II. Category : A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography articles. Hidden categories: Subpages Headers applying DefaultSort key. Add languages Add topic. And why does he need to risk a naval battle? Athens for which he did undertake this expedition is his and the rest of Greece too. No man can stand against him and they who once resisted, were destroyed.

If Xerxes chose not to rush into a naval encounter, but instead kept his ships close to the shore and either stayed there or moved them towards the Peloponnese , victory would be his.

Artemisia i of caria biography of barack

The Greeks can't hold out against him for very long. They will leave for their cities, because they don't have food in store on this island, as I have learned, and when our army will march against the Peloponnese they who have come from there will become worried and they will not stay here to fight to defend Athens. But if he hurries to engage I am afraid that the navy will be defeated and the land-forces will be weakened as well.

In addition, he should also consider that he has certain untrustworthy allies, like the Egyptians , the Cyprians , the Kilikians and the Pamphylians , who are completely useless. Xerxes was pleased with her advice and while he already held her in great esteem he now praised her further. Despite this, he gave orders to follow the advice of the rest of his commanders.

Xerxes thought that at the naval battle of Artemisium his men acted like cowards because he was not there to watch them. But this time he would watch the battle himself to ensure they would act bravely. Plutarch , in On the Malice of Herodotus , believe that Herodotus wrote that because he just wanted verses in order to make Artemisia look like a Sibyl , who was prophesying of things to come.

The ships she brought had the second best reputation in the whole fleet, next to the ones from Sidon. Her involvement in the campaign was described by Herodotus :. Artemisia, who moves me to marvel greatly that a woman should have gone with the armament against Hellas; for her husband being dead, she herself had his sovereignty and a young son withal, and followed the host under no stress of necessity, but of mere high-hearted valour.

Artemisia was her name; she was daughter to Lygdamis, on her father's side of Halicarnassian lineage, and a Cretan on her mother's. She was the leader of the men of Halicarnassus and Cos and Nisyrus and Calydnos, furnishing five ships. Her ships were reputed the best in the whole fleet after the ships of Sidon; and of all his allies she gave the king the best counsels.

The cities, whereof I said she was the leader, are all of Dorian stock, as I can show, the Halicarnassians being of Troezen, and the rest of Epidaurus. According to Herodotus, during the battle, and while the Persian fleet was facing defeat, an Athenian ship pursued Artemisia's ship and she was not able to escape, because in front of her were friendly ships.

The Calyndian ship sank. According to Polyaenus , when Artemisia saw that she was near to falling into the hands of the Greeks, she ordered the Persian colours to be taken down, and the master of the ship to bear down upon and attack a Persian vessel of the Calyndian allies, which was commanded by Damasithymus, that was passing by her. When the captain of the Athenian ship, Ameinias , [ 28 ] saw her charge against a Persian ship, he turned his ship away and went after others, supposing that the ship of Artemisia was either a Greek ship or was deserting from the Persians and fighting for the Greeks.

Herodotus believed that Ameinias did not know that Artemisia was on the ship, because otherwise he would not have ceased his pursuit until either he had captured her or had been captured himself, because "orders had been given to the Athenian captains, and moreover a prize was offered of ten thousand drachmas for the man who should take her alive; since they thought it intolerable that a woman should make an expedition against Athens.

When she chased a Greek ship, she hoisted the Persian colours. But when she was chased by a Greek ship, she hoisted the Greek colours, so that the enemy might mistake her for a Greek and give up the pursuit. While Xerxes was overseeing the battle from his throne, which was at the foot of Mount Aigaleo , he observed the incident and he and the others who were present thought that Artemisia had attacked and sunk a Greek ship.

One of the men who was next to Xerxes said to him: "Master, see Artemisia, how well she is fighting, and how she sank even now a ship of the enemy" and Xerxes then responded: "My men have become women; and my women, men. He had very good eyesight and could easily see at twenty stades. He described to Xerxes what he saw from the battle and Artemisia's bravery.

After the battle, according to Polyaenus, Xerxes acknowledged her to have excelled above all the officers in the fleet and sent her a complete suit of Greek armour; he also presented the captain of her ship with a distaff and spindle. According to Herodotus, after the defeat, Xerxes presented Artemisia with two possible courses of action and asked her which she recommended.

Either he would lead troops to the Peloponnese himself, or he would withdraw from Greece and leave his general Mardonius in charge. Artemisia suggested to him that he should retreat back to Asia Minor and she advocated the plan suggested by Mardonius, who requested , Persian soldiers with which he would defeat the Greeks in Xerxes' absence.

I think that you should retire and leave Mardonius behind with those whom he desires to have. If he succeeds, the honour will be yours because your slaves performed it. If on the other hand, he fails, it would be no great matter as you would be safe and no danger threatens anything that concerns your house. And while you will be safe the Greeks will have to pass through many difficulties for their own existence.

In addition, if Mardonius were to suffer a disaster who would care?