Catherine ii of russia biography of rory

Duchess Auguste Marie of Holstein-Gottorp. See also [ edit ]. Portals : Biography Germany Russia Monarchy. References [ edit ]. Explanatory notes [ edit ]. Citations [ edit ]. II: Since ISBN Een geschiedenis van Rusland. Van Rurik tot Brezjnev in Dutch 3rd ed. Amsterdam: G. OCLC Chicago, New York [etc. The Courtships of Catherine the Great. Kessinger Publishing.

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Catherine ii of russia biography of rory

Armonk, NY: M. Translation of a 19th-century work. Kolchin, Peter [First published ]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Lim, Susanna Soojung The Slavonic and East European Review. Archived from the original on 1 May Retrieved 1 May Madariaga, Isabel De Slavonic and East European Review : — Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. Yale University Press.

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F []. Documents of Catherine the Great. England: Cambridge University Press. Rodger, NAM Rounding, Virginia Catherine the Great: Love, Sex and Power. London: Hutchinson. Streeter, Michael Haus Publishing. Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling Journal of Modern History. Further reading [ edit ]. See also: Bibliography of Russian history — Alexander, John T.

Bilbasov, Vasily A. History of Catherine the Great. Berlin: Publishing Frederick Gottgeyner, At Runivers. Russian army in the age of the Empress Catherine II. Saint Petersburg: Printing office of the Department of inheritance, Saint Petersburg: Typography of A. Suvorin, Catherine, Empress of All the Russias. Catherine the Great Profiles in Power.

Sex With the Queen. LeDonne, John P. Malecka, Anna. Marcum, James W. Nikolaev, Vsevolod, and Albert Parry. The Loves of Catherine the Great Ransel, David L. Sette, Alessandro. Smith, Douglas, ed. Catherine realised her heavy reliance on the nobility to control the country and instigated a series of reforms giving them greater control over their land and serfs.

Catherine therefore ignored any concern she may previously have had for the plight of the serfs, whose status and rights declined further. Catherine's main interests were in education and culture. She read widely and corresponded with many of the prominent thinkers of the era, including Voltaire and Diderot. She was a patron of the arts, literature and education and acquired an art collection which now forms the basis of the Hermitage Museum.

Search term:. Along with her new religion, she also received a new name—Yekaterina, or Catherine. They proved to be anything but a happy couple, however, as Peter was immature and juvenile, preferring to play with toy soldiers and mistresses than to be with his wife. Catherine II developed her own pastimes, which included reading extensively.

After years of not having children, Catherine II finally produced an heir with son Paul, born on September 20, The paternity of the child has been a subject of great debate among scholars, with some claiming that Paul's father was actually Sergei Saltykov, a Russian noble and member of the court, and others pointing to Paul's resemblance to Peter as proof of them being related.

In any case, Catherine had little time with her first-born son; Elizabeth took over raising the child soon after his birth. Catherine later had three other children. Catherine soon orchestrated a coup that forced Peter to step down after just six months on the throne, and she became empress of Russia on July 9, Along with his strained relations with his wife, Peter had alienated other nobles, officials and the military with his staunch support for Prussia, and angered the Orthodox Church by taking away their lands.

During his brief time in power, Catherine II conspired with her lover, Gregory Orlov, a Russian lieutenant, and other powerful figures to leverage the discontent with Peter and build up support for his removal. By the time Peter ascended to the throne, he was openly cruel to his wife and considering pushing her aside to allow his mistress to rule with him.

A few days after his resignation, he was strangled while in the care of Catherine's co-conspirators at Ropsha, one of Peter's estates. The exact role the empress played in her husband's death is unclear. Concerned about being toppled by opposing forces early in her reign, Catherine sought to appease the military and the church. She recalled troops that had been sent by Peter to fight Denmark, and promoted and gifted those who had backed her as the new empress.

Despite being a religious skeptic, she also returned the church's land and property that had been taken by Peter, though she later changed course on that front, making the church part of the state. Catherine styled herself after the beloved ruler Peter the Great , claiming that she was following in his footsteps. She later commissioned the creation of a sculpture, known as the Bronze Horseman, to honor him.

While Catherine believed in absolute rule, she did make some efforts toward social and political reforms. She put together a document, known as the "Nakaz," on how the country's legal system should run, with a push for capital punishment and torture to be outlawed and calling for every man to be declared equal. Catherine had also sought to address the dire situation of the country's serfs, workers who were owned by landowners for life.

The Senate protested any suggestion of changing the feudal system. After finalizing the Nakaz, Catherine brought delegates together from different social and economic classes to form the Legislative Commission, which met for the first time in No laws came out of the commission, but it was the first time that Russians from across the empire had been able to express their thoughts about the country's needs and problems.

Ultimately, the Nakaz became more known for its ideas rather than its immediate influence. At the time of Catherine's accession, Russia was viewed as backward and provincial by many in Europe. She sought to change this negative opinion through expanding educational opportunities and the arts. Known more for her affairs of the heart than for affairs of state, she nevertheless greatly expanded her country's empire.

Her accomplishments are often overshadowed by the legends and rumors about her scandalous personal life. Sophie von Anhalt-Zerbst was born in , the daughter of a Prussian prince. She took on the name Catherine, or Ekaterina Alekseyevna. Peter was regarded by some as inept, and after only six months on the throne, Catherine overthrew him with the aid of Grigory Orlov, a military officer with whom she was having an affair.

Her husband was later arrested and killed, securing her position on the throne. Some regard Catherine as a socially enlightened ruler; she exchanged correspondence with the French philosopher Voltaire. She was a patron of the arts; the Hermitage Museum opened during her reign, beginning as part of her personal collection. Under her influence, Russians adopted western European philosophies and culture.

Catherine's rule brought about something of a golden period for female artists. While it was Peter I reign that brought about reforms that gave women greater freedom to pursue education it was during the midth century, the time that Catherine the Great rose to power, that female artists also rose in Russia. These female artists tended to be from the aristocratic class but they followed the lead of Catherine II "the great" and other women who held power in Russia in the 18th century.

Among the most prolific Russian female artists was Princess Natalia Ivanovna Kurakina lived who wrote at least 45 songs. Catherine was also a successful military ruler; her troops conquered a great deal of new territory. She also allowed a system of serfdom to continue in Russia, something that would contribute to a full-fledged revolt led by a pretender to the throne.