Georganne deen biography of mahatma gandhi

At the age of 13, Gandhi was married to Kasturba Makhanji, a match arranged by their parents as was customary at the time. This early marriage would prove to be a lasting partnership, with Kasturba supporting Gandhi throughout his life and becoming an activist in her own right. This journey marked the beginning of his transformation from a shy, uncertain young man to a confident leader.

In London, Gandhi was exposed to new ideas and cultures, and he began to develop his own philosophical and political views. He became involved with the vegetarian movement and started to explore various religious texts, including the Bhagavad Gita, which would have a profound impact on his life and philosophy. After completing his studies and being called to the bar in , Gandhi returned to India.

However, his attempts to establish a law practice in Bombay were unsuccessful, and he struggled to find his footing in his home country. It was during this period of uncertainty that Gandhi accepted a job offer from an Indian firm in South Africa, a decision that would change the course of his life and, ultimately, world history. Gandhi arrived in South Africa in , and it was here that he first encountered the harsh realities of racial discrimination and injustice.

The turning point came when he was thrown off a train for refusing to move from a first-class compartment to a third-class one, despite having a valid first-class ticket. This incident, along with numerous other experiences of discrimination, awakened Gandhi to the plight of Indians in South Africa and set him on the path of social activism.

Over the next two decades, Gandhi developed and refined his philosophy of satyagraha, or non-violent resistance. He organized the Indian community in South Africa to protest against discriminatory laws, using methods such as civil disobedience and peaceful demonstrations. His efforts gained international attention and led to some improvements in the treatment of Indians in South Africa.

During his time in South Africa, Gandhi also underwent a personal transformation. He took vows of celibacy and simplicity, adopting the simple dhoti and shawl that would become his trademark attire. He also developed his ideas about the importance of manual labor and self-reliance, establishing the Phoenix Settlement and Tolstoy Farm, communities based on these principles.

In , Gandhi returned to India, now a well-known figure due to his work in South Africa. He spent the next few years traveling across the country, observing and learning about the conditions of his fellow Indians. As Gandhi became more involved in Indian politics, he began to advocate for swaraj, or self-rule. Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi.

Archived PDF from the original on 28 January Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution. Retrieved 26 January Taras Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms. In Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League. The Man who Divided India. Popular Prakashan. Contemporary South Asia.

Editions, First Edition, pp. Political Theory. Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics.

Young India. Gandhi: 3. Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 3 May Cited from Borman , pp. Harvard University Press. Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence. India Today. Gandhi as a Author M. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 25 January Archived from the original on 9 December Life Positive Plus, October—December The Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on 3 January Unto this Last: A paraphrase. Archived from the original on 30 October Gandhi Songs From Prison. Public Resource. Archived from the original on 29 October Retrieved 12 July SAGE Publications. The greatest of all national leaders and journalists of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi. The Times Illustrated History of the World.

Routledge Library Editions: WW2. Northern Book Centre. Archived from the original on 20 February Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe. Springer Nature Singapore. Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule.

Grand Central Publishing. Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy. Tribune India. BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 21 December The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'.

He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice. India-China Relations. Sunderlal Institute of Asian Studies. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India. Dutta, Krishna ed. Rabindranath Tagore: an anthology.

Robinson, Andrew. From year to year I have known him intimately for over twenty years I have found him getting more and more selfless. He is now leading almost an ascetic sort of life — not the life of an ordinary ascetic that we usually see but that of a great Mahatma and the one idea that engrosses his mind is his motherland. Gokhale, dated Rangoon, 8 November , File No.

Rabindranath followed suit and then the whole of India called him Mahatma Gandhi. But in when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event, he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December Delhi: Ecco Press.

Press Trust of India. Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 5 June Public Division. The Economic Times. Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 7 April Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April Minor Planet Center. Archived PDF from the original on 1 October Archived from the original on 8 November Retrieved 8 November Business Standard News.

Archived from the original on 26 December Archived from the original on 21 March Archived from the original on 14 April San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 18 January Capstone Press. Orbis Books. Embassy of the Czech Republic in Delhi. Archived from the original on 4 February Retrieved 4 February The Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 May Retrieved 12 March Archived from the original on 17 January Makers of Modern Africa: Profiles in History.

Published by Africa Journal Ltd. Retrieved 5 September Gandhi's prisoner? Permanent Black. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 February Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 28 May Archived from the original on 2 December Al Gore cited both Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln in a speech on climate change in He noted Gandhi's sense of satyagraha Associated Press.

Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 11 April Bloomsbury Publishing. UN News Centre. Archived from the original on 23 January Retrieved 2 April Letter of Peace addressed to the UN. Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 9 January Archived from the original on 27 February Retrieved 30 January Einstein: The Life and Times.

Current Science. December Archived PDF from the original on 16 July Retrieved 24 March Government Communication and Information System. Archived from the original on 28 December Retrieved 9 February American Friends Service Committee. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 July Retrieved 5 August North American Vegetarian Society.

Archived from the original on 13 April The Endurance of National Constitutions. Archived from the original on 6 September Archived from the original on 7 January An Autobiography. Bodley Head. Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence. New Society Publishers. With love, Yours, Bapu You closed with the term of endearment used by your close friends, the term you used with all the movement leaders, roughly meaning 'Papa'.

Another letter written in shows similar tenderness and caring. Beacon Press. The Hindu. February Retrieved 21 September Channel of GandhiServe Foundation. Retrieved 30 December GandhiServe Foundatiom. Archived from the original on 31 December Public Culture. Duke University Press: — Archived PDF from the original on 21 March The Life of Mahatma Gandhi.

London: Johnathan Cape. Hinduism Today. Archived from the original on 4 July Archived from the original PDF on 4 March Britain and the World. Springer International Publishing. Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism. Words Without Music: A Memoir. Archived from the original on 22 June Live Mint. Archived from the original on 31 January The Australian.

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Retrieved 29 January The Rough Guide to South India. Rough Guides. Retrieved 21 January Hindustan Times. Retrieved 29 October Archived from the original on 19 August General and cited references. Ahmed, Talat Mohandas Gandhi: Experiments in Civil Disobedience. Barr, F. Mary Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi 2nd ed.

Bombay: International Book House. OCLC Conquest of Violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Brown, Judith Margaret Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. Brown, Judith M. The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi ; 14 essays by scholars. Gandhi: a life. John Wiley. Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics.

Bloomsbury Academic, UK. Dalton, Dennis Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action. Columbia University Press. Dalton, Dennis a. Dhiman, S. Easwaran, Eknath Nilgiri Press. Hook, Sue Vander Mahatma Gandhi: Proponent of Peace. Gandhi, Rajmohan Patel, A Life. Navajivan Pub. Gandhi, Rajmohan a. Gandhi, Rajmohan b. Gangrade, K. Ghose, Sankar Guha, Ramachandra Vintage Books.

Guha, Ramachandra a. Allen Lane. Guha, Ramachandra x. Penguin Books Limited. Guha, Ramachandra 15 October a. Gandhi before India. Retrieved 24 October Hardiman, David Gandhi in His Time and Ours: the global legacy of his ideas. Hardiman, David a. Hatt, Christine Herman, Arthur Random House Publishing Group. Ebook: ISBN Jai, Janak Raj Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: — Majmudar, Uma Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: from darkness to light.

SUNY Press. Markovits, Claude, ed. A History of Modern India, — Anthem Press.

Georganne deen biography of mahatma gandhi

New York: Columbia University Press. Miller, Jake C. Initially, Gandhi planned to stay in South Africa for a year, but the discrimination and injustice he witnessed against the Indian community there changed his path entirely. He faced racism firsthand when he was thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg station for refusing to move from a first-class carriage, which was reserved for white passengers.

This incident was crucial, marking the beginning of his fight against racial segregation and discrimination. Gandhi decided to stay in South Africa to fight for the rights of the Indian community, organizing the Natal Indian Congress in to combat the unjust laws against Indians. His work in South Africa lasted for about 21 years, during which he developed and refined his principles of non-violent protest and civil disobedience.

In response, Gandhi organized a mass protest meeting and declared that Indians would defy the law and suffer the consequences rather than submit to it. This was the beginning of the Satyagraha movement in South Africa, which aimed at asserting the truth through non-violent resistance. This philosophy was deeply influenced by his religious beliefs and his experiences in South Africa.

He believed that the moral high ground could compel oppressors to change their ways without resorting to violence. Gandhi argued that through peaceful non-compliance and willingness to accept the consequences of defiance, one could achieve justice. This form of protest was not just about resisting unjust laws but doing so in a way that adhered to a strict code of non-violence and truth, or Satyagraha.

His readings of various religious texts and the works of thinkers like Henry David Thoreau also contributed to his philosophy. Satyagraha , a term coined by Gandhi, combines the Sanskrit words for truth satya and holding firmly to agraha. Satyagraha called for non-violent resistance to injustice, where the satyagrahi practitioner of Satyagraha would peacefully defy unjust laws and accept the consequences of such defiance.

This approach was revolutionary because it shifted the focus from anger and revenge to love and self-suffering. Gandhi believed that this form of protest could appeal to the conscience of the oppressor, leading to change without the need for violence. In implementing Satyagraha, Gandhi ensured that it was accessible and applicable to the Indian people.

He simplified complex political concepts into actions that could be undertaken by anyone, regardless of their social or economic status. Satyagraha was demonstrated through the boycotting of British goods, non-payment of taxes, and peaceful protests. One of the key aspects of Satyagraha was the willingness to endure suffering without retaliation.

Gandhi emphasized that the power of Satyagraha came from the moral purity and courage of its practitioners, not from the desire to inflict harm on the opponent. The effectiveness of Satyagraha was evident in various campaigns led by Gandhi, both in South Africa and later in India. In India, the Satyagraha movement gained momentum with significant events such as the Champaran agitation against the indigo planters, the Kheda peasant struggle, and the nationwide protests against the British salt taxes through the Salt March.

These movements not only mobilized the Indian people against British rule but also demonstrated the strength and resilience of non-violent resistance. Through Satyagraha, Gandhi sought to bring about a moral awakening both within India and among the British authorities. He believed that true victory was not the defeat of the opponent but the achievement of justice and harmony.

Nelson Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle against apartheid was a recipient of the award. Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi will be remembered forever as he spread the message of non-violence, truth, and faith in God, and also he fought for India's Independence. His methods inspired various leaders, and youth not only in India but also outside of India.

In Indian history, he is considered the most prominent personality and as the simplest person who wears a dhoti. He spread the message of swaraj and taught Indians how to become independent. What is the Waqf Board Bill? What Were the Amendments Proposed? Optical Illusion: Find the hidden cat in the picture in 5 seconds! Home general knowledge Famous Personalities.

By Shikha Goyal. Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi: Education When Gandhi was 9 years old he went to a local school at Rajkot and studied the basics of arithmetic, history, geography, and languages. Mahatma Gandhi: Literary works Gandhi was a prolific writer. Born in , Mohandas' life took a pivotal turn when he encountered the title that would forever shape his legacy: Mahatma.

In , at the tender age of 13, Mohandas Gandhi's life took a significant turn when he was arranged to marry Kasturba Makhanji, who was also 13 at the time. In , the world watched with bated breath as India's independence movement gained momentum under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.