Saddam hussein biography

Iraq's official toll from American bombing in that war is ,—surely a gross exaggeration—but nobody contests that thousands of Iraqi soldiers and civilians were killed in the American campaign to oust Mr. Hussein's forces from Kuwait. In addition, 1, Kuwaitis died during the fighting and occupation in their country. Casualties from Iraq's gulag are harder to estimate.

Archived from the original on 10 February Retrieved 28 August The Times. Archived from the original on 28 January Archived from the original on 24 July Archived from the original on 4 May Today, few observers question the assertion that it was Iraq that gassed Halabja. It can be read on line at [2]. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 16 July Gordon, "U.

Archived from the original PDF on 23 September The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on 29 April Military Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 9 January The American Presidency Project. University of California. Archived from the original on 29 January Retrieved 23 September Archived from the original on 6 August Retrieved 29 November Middle East Review of International Affairs.

Archived from the original on 28 October BMJ Global Health. PMC PMID That was 'a spectacular lie. Retrieved 29 September Archived from the original on 13 May ABC News. Retrieved 12 July Times 11 August The Observer. Retrieved 13 July Voice of America. The Atlantic. President of Russia. Archived from the original on 3 October Archived from the original PDF on 11 May State of the Union Speech.

Washington, D. Retrieved 31 December Retrieved 5 August United Nations. CBS News. Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 8 January AP News. Retrieved 2 November Archived from the original on 1 December Retrieved 13 March Socialist Worker. Archived from the original on 26 March Retrieved 13 January National Security Archive.

Retrieved 15 August Retrieved 2 September Retrieved 22 October Retrieved 8 February Retrieved 14 December It is believed more than 40 suspects died during interrogation or while in detention.

Saddam hussein biography

Those arrested who were found not guilty were either exiled if relatives of the convicted or released and returned to Dujail. Only 96 of the condemned were actually executed, two of the condemned were accidentally released while a third was mistakenly transferred to another prison and survived. The 96 executed included four men mistakenly executed after having been found not guilty and ordered released.

The ten children were originally believed to have been among the 96 executed, but they had in fact been imprisoned near the city of Samawah. Archived from the original on 30 August Fox News. Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 12 November Sky News. Retrieved 7 March Retrieved 13 December International Business Times. Archived from the original on 5 February Retrieved 1 November The Daily Telegraph.

Archived from the original on 11 December Retrieved 30 December Archived from the original on 16 July Retrieved 28 February Archived from the original on 5 December Archived from the original on 30 September CNN Arabic in Arabic. Retrieved 3 August Herald Sun. Archived from the original PDF on 11 August Retrieved 6 January USA Today.

Retrieved 22 August Times 30 April Retrieved 16 March Zee News. History and Things. The Jerusalem Post JPost. Saddam's Word: Political discourse in Iraq Paperback. The Forward. Message Heard. Yale University Press, Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 5 April Retrieved 29 January Archived from the original on 15 July Retrieved 29 January — via Find Articles.

Archived from the original on 1 November Retrieved 9 March Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 16 January Arab News. Hoover Institution. Retrieved 24 March State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Bengio, Ofra Woods, Kevin M. Intelligence and National Security. Retrieved 11 March Faust, Aaron M. University of Texas Press. Imperial War Museums.

Foreign Affairs. Middle Eastern Studies. Economic History. Overreach: Delusions of Regime Change in Iraq. Harvard University Press. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 April Jewish News Syndicate. The Pamphlet. The Indian Express. France Retrieved 5 March Middle East Eye. The Hollywood Reporter. Saddam Hussein at Wikipedia's sister projects. Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr.

Sa'dun Hammadi. Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai. Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum. Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri. Iraq topics. Category Portal WikiProject Commons. Saddam Hussein. Killing babies Alleged shredder Jumana Hanna. Category:Saddam Hussein. Presidents of Iraq list. Prime ministers of Iraq list. Suwaidi N. Pachachi T. Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.

Iraqi-dominated faction Syrian-dominated faction. Michel Aflaq Salah al-Din al-Bitar. Michel Aflaq Munif Razzaz. Assem Qanso Abd al-Majid al-Rafei. Musa Shuaib. Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab. Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Saddam Hussein. Revolutionary Youth Union. Associated organizations. Arab nationalism. Arab identity Arab Union Arab world Arabization.

Authority control databases. Toggle the table of contents. Saddam in In office 16 July — 9 April In office 29 May — 9 April In office 16 July — 23 March In office January — 30 December Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri. In office 16 July — 30 December In office February — October In office 17 July — 15 July In office February — 9 April Execution by hanging.

Cairo University University of Baghdad. Iraqi Armed Forces. Criminal conviction. Crimes against humanity during the Dujail massacre. Trial of Saddam Hussein. Death by hanging. Saddam Hussein's voice Saddam recites an oath of office following the Iraqi presidential referendum. This article is part of a series about Saddam Hussein. Part of a series on.

Organizations Arab Ba'ath — Variants Neo-Ba'athism — Regional organizations Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria. Preceded by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. President of Iraq — Prime Minister of Iraq — Succeeded by Sa'dun Hammadi. Preceded by Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai. Leader of the Ba'ath Party — Despite these circumstances, he managed to gain an education and attempted to join the elite Military Academy in Baghdad.

However, he failed the entrance exam, which deeply affected him and instilled in him a belief in the power of force. In , Saddam joined the secretive cell of the Ba'ath Party, which combined socialism and Arab nationalism. He began his political career as a low-ranking member, but his determination and ruthlessness quickly propelled him up the party ranks.

Saddam Hussein's political career took off when he participated in a failed assassination attempt on Prime Minister Abdel Karim Qasim in Although the attempt was unsuccessful, it demonstrated Saddam's willingness to use violence to achieve his goals. In , the Ba'ath Party briefly seized power in Iraq, but Saddam's party lost control soon after.

He spent two years in prison, only to be released and participate in another successful coup in This time, the Ba'ath Party took firm control, with Saddam as the de facto ruler behind the nominal president, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. Jailed until the Ba'athists siezed power again in , Saddam worked as a henchman for his distant relative, Hassan Al-Bakr, the new Iraqi president and chairman of the Revolutionary Council.

Saddam rose to Vice-President and began "purifying" the government: all dissidents were imprisoned, tortured or executed. Saddam forced the ailing President to retire a decade later, and had himself sworn in as leader of the republic. To ensure his control, Saddam ordered the execution of dozens of top ranking soldiers. In an attempt to wrest the Shatt-al-Arab waterway from Iran, Saddam, armed by the West, declared war on Tehran in The battle ended in a stalemate, eight years later, with an estimated one million declared dead.

His soldiers crossed the Kuwaiti border in August , only to be bombed into retreat by a huge US-led coalition four months later. The campaign was known as Desert Storm. Since the international coalition did not attempt to topple Saddam, his regime continued to brutally suppress Kurds and Shiites. Although Saddam survived attempted coups in and , and a major defection in , UN sanctions hurt Iraq and prevented its resurgence as a power in the Gulf.

Of those 68, all were tried and found guilty of treason and 22 were sentenced to death. By early August , hundreds of Saddam's political foes had been executed. The same year that Saddam ascended to the presidency, Ayatollah Khomeini led a successful Islamic revolution in Iraq's neighbor to the northeast, Iran. Saddam, whose political power rested in part upon the support of Iraq's minority Sunni population, worried that developments in Shi-ite majority Iran could lead to a similar uprising in Iraq.

In response, on September 22, , Saddam ordered Iraqi forces to invade the oil-rich region of Khuzestan in Iran. The conflict soon blossomed into an all-out war, but Western nations and much of the Arab world, fearful of the spread of Islamic radicalism and what it would mean to the region and the world, laid their support firmly behind Saddam, despite the fact that his invasion of Iran clearly violated international law.

During the conflict, these same fears would cause the international community to essentially ignore Iraq's use of chemical weapons, its genocidal dealing with its Kurdish population and its burgeoning nuclear program. On August 20, , after years of intense conflict that left hundreds of thousands dead on both sides, a ceasefire agreement was finally reached.

In the aftermath of the conflict, seeking a means of revitalizing Iraq's war-ravaged economy and infrastructure, at the end of the s, Saddam turned his attention toward Iraq's wealthy neighbor, Kuwait. Using the justification that it was a historical part of Iraq, on August 2, , Saddam ordered the invasion of Kuwait. A UN Security Council resolution was promptly passed, imposing economic sanctions on Iraq and setting a deadline by which Iraqi forces must leave Kuwait.

When the January 15, deadline was ignored, a UN coalition force headed by the United States confronted Iraqi forces, and a mere six weeks later, had driven them from Kuwait. A ceasefire agreement was signed, the terms of which included Iraq dismantling its germ and chemical weapons programs. The previously imposed economic sanctions levied against Iraq remained in place.

Despite this and the fact that his military had suffered a crushing defeat, Saddam claimed victory in the conflict. The Gulf War's resulting economic hardships further divided an already fractured Iraqi population. During the s, various Shi-ite and Kurdish uprisings occurred, but the rest of the world, fearing another war, Kurdish independence in the case of Turkey or the spread of Islamic fundamentalism did little or nothing to support these rebellions, and they were ultimately crushed by Saddam's increasingly repressive security forces.

At the same time, Iraq remained under intense international scrutiny as well.